Blockchain

CJSOI explainers and analysis covering blockchain.

blockchain · Oct 31

Blockchain Finality vs Settlement Finality

Why a finalized block and a legally final payment are different states, and how to design for both.

CJSOI diagram showing an ERC-20 token owner granting an allowance to a spender contract through approve, allowance and transferFrom

ERC-20 · Oct 28

ERC-20 Token Allowances: What Stablecoin Users Approve

Understand ERC-20 approvals, unlimited allowances, permit signatures and how to revoke stablecoin access.

Diagram showing a stablecoin sent from Network A to an incompatible Network B address

stablecoins · Oct 27

Stablecoin Sent to the Wrong Network: What Can Be Recovered?

Wrong-network stablecoin transfers may be recoverable only when you or a supporting custodian controls the destination.

Monochrome USDT on TON transfer diagram showing the official jetton check, TON fee path and destination memo requirement

USDT · Oct 23

USDT on TON: Fees, Jettons and Exchange Memos

Send USDT on TON by verifying the jetton master, matching the deposit network and following any memo requirement.

Monochrome three-step BEP-20 transfer diagram: token contract and amount, BNB Smart Chain network, and transaction fee paid in BNB.

BEP-20 · Oct 18

BEP-20: BNB Smart Chain Tokens and BNB Gas

BEP-20 tokens run on BNB Smart Chain. Check the contract, BNB gas, network and destination before sending.

Ethereum stablecoin transfer receipt showing gas used, gas price and ETH as the fee asset

Ethereum · Oct 13

Ethereum Gas Fees for USDT and USDC Transfers

Ethereum gas fees for USDT and USDC are paid in ETH. See the fee formula, gas limits and failed transfers.

ERC20 transfer checks: network, token contract and recipient destination.

ERC-20 · Oct 8

ERC20: USDT and USDC on Ethereum Explained

ERC20 defines token functions. For USDT or USDC, verify the network, issuer contract and recipient before sending.

GasFree flow from user authorisation through provider submission to a blockchain record.

TRON · Oct 7

Gas-Free TRON Transfers: USDT Fees and Provider Payments

GasFree removes the need to hold TRX for gas, while activation and transfer handling fees can still apply.

Separate panels show TRON network account activation and a zero or nonzero USDT balance in token storage.

TRON · Oct 6

TRON Wallet Activation: Account State and First USDT Transfer Costs

Account activation and a recipient's USDT balance are separate inputs to a TRON transfer.

Line diagram of TRON staking: TRX flows to Stake 2.0 and then to energy, which can be delegated to another address; a dashed path shows unstaking, a 14-day wait and the TRX returning.

TRON · Oct 4

TRON Staking for Energy: How Much TRX a USDT Transfer Needs

How TRON staking provides energy, how much TRX transfers need and how unstaking works.

Line diagram: a TX HASH box leads to SEARCH, which branches into four boxes labeled RESULT, ENERGY, BANDWIDTH and TRX BURNED, under a TRONSCAN label.

TRON · Oct 3

TRX Scan: How to Track a TRON Transaction on TRONSCAN

Track a TRON transaction on TRONSCAN and read its status, energy, bandwidth and fees.

Line diagram: a private key box with a 12-word phrase points to a TRON T-address that holds TRX and TRC-20 tokens, which branches to three ways of paying USDT fees: burn TRX, rent energy or stake TRX.

TRON · Oct 2

TRC-20 Wallet: How to Open One and Cut USDT Fees

A TRC20 wallet is any TRON wallet: one T-address holds TRX, USDT and every other TRC-20 token.

A TRON transaction splitting into bandwidth for its size and energy for contract execution

TRON · Sep 30

TRON Energy vs Bandwidth: Can You Buy, Sell or Rent Them?

TRON bandwidth and energy can't be sold as tokens, only delegated from staked TRX. Rent, stake or burn, compared.

A USDT transfer failing at 50,000 energy short of the 64,285 needed, and succeeding with 65,000

TRON · Sep 29

TRON Out of Energy: How to Fix the OUT_OF_ENERGY Error

OUT_OF_ENERGY means a TRON transaction hit its fee_limit or ran out of TRX and Energy mid-execution.

A TRON address calling transfer() on a TRC-20 token contract

TRON · Sep 28

What Is TRC-20? USDT TRC-20 Explained

What is TRC20: TRON's fungible token standard, compatible with ERC-20 at the interface level.

A key beside owner, recovery and wallet rules

Blockchain · Aug 30

Who Controls a Smart Wallet?

Look beyond the login screen: signing rules, recovery powers and upgrades determine control.

One stablecoin with a choice of three networks

Blockchain · Aug 16

Choosing a Network for Stablecoin Transfers

Start with the recipient's supported asset and network. Compare speed and fees only after that.

Native token issuance contrasted with a bridge-backed claim

Blockchain · Aug 6

Native vs Bridged Stablecoins: What Changes?

Native vs bridged stablecoins, traced through lock-and-mint and burn-and-mint diagrams and deposit checks.